main index

P00: frame around

P01: olicognography

P02: addictions

wayout:contact

Registers of application docs

*drugstoxiccare*

*drugharm*

*amphetamines*

*alcohollongterm*

Similar user docs

*anxietymanaged*

*medicines/drugs*

*benzodiapines*

*cannabisclinics*

Main Pharmacologic Properties of Common Abused Drugs

class

common name (brand name, street jargon)

origin

how taken

average amount taken

duration effect

medical uses


US scheduled

incidence of abuses

dependence liability

main neuromediator

dopamine (reward) activator

hypersensibility to dopamine

opiates activation

tolerance

physical dependence

psycho-

logical depen-

dence

Narcotic

activate G protein–

coupled receptors

Heroin

(“junk,” “H,” “smack”)

synthetic from

morphine

injected IV IM, sniffed, oral, smoked

2-3 mg

5mg IM = 10mg oral = 15mg morphin oral

3-5 hours

half life: 1 hour

lipophylic

none in U.S.

analgesic in some countries 5-10mg each 4 hours

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

very high

very high

MOR (Gi/o) agonist

+++

(desinhibition)

++

++++

increasing risk of overdosis

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Codeine


opium poppy

swallowed; injected

cough: 5-20 mg

pain: 30-60 mg


4-6 hours

Cough suppressant: for mild to moderate pain

7x less potent/morphin

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

moderate


moderate

MOR (Gi/o) agonist

++

(desinhibition)

++

+++

yes

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

codeine

codeine

pro-drug turn to morphine

synthetic

swallowed

30-60 mg

3-5 hours

For moderate pain

muscle relaxant

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable with common

high

moderate


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

++

(desinhibition)

++

++

yes

moderate

moderate

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Morphine

Opium as or tincture,

converted to active metabolite

opium poppy

injected; sniffed;

sometimes swallowed

injected: 5-20 mg

oral: 10-30 mg

4-8 hours

half-life 3 hours

For severe pain

high fixing in medula (post.horn), brain stem mesecephalon

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

high

MOR (Gi/o) agonist

+++

(desinhibition)

++

++++

yes

high

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Paregoric


opium poppy

swallowed moked

6 mg or 0.6 ml

1-8 hours

For diarrhea (as opium tincture and paregoric)

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable with common

low

low


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

++

(desinhibition)

++

++++

yes

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Meperidine


synthetic

swallowed; injected

abuse: 200-300 mg

medical: 75-150 mg

2-4 hours

For severe pain

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

high

MOR (Gi/o) agonist

++

(desinhibition)

++

+++?

yes

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Methadone

(“dolly”), no active metabolite


synthetic

swallowed; injected

IV, IM

abuse: over 150mg

medical: 5-15 mg (pain) 50-100 (addiction therapy)

12-24 hours

half life > 24hours

Long-lasting analgesic;

treatment of addiction

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

moderate


moderate


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

++

(desinhibition)


++

+++?

yes

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

LAAM


synthetic

swallowed

60-100 mg

48-72 hours

Treatment of addiction

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

moderate


low


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

?+

(desinhibition)

++

+++?

yes

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Hydromorphone


synthetic

swallowed; injected;

rectal suppository

1-4 mg

4-5 hours

For severe pain

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

very high

high

MOR (Gi/o) agonist

?+

(desinhibition)

++

+++?

yes

high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Pentazocine


synthetic

swallowed; injected

50-100 mg

(30 injected)

3-4 hours

For chronic or severe pain oral form prohibited

often mixed with antagonist: naloxone

iv

moderate

moderate


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

+

(desinhibition)


+++


intermediate

intermediate

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Fentanyl


synthetic

swallowed; injected; epidural

transdermal patches


oral: 0.2mg-0.4 mg

injected: 50-200mg

0.025-0.1 mg/hr

1-1.5 hours

sustained release

Analgesi

c/anesthetic

addict often mixed it with tripelenamine (antihistaminic)


(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high


moderate


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

+

(desinhibition, hallucinogen, less respiratory depression)

++

+++


high

high

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Levorphanol

synthetic

swallowed; injected

2-3 mg

4-5 hours

For moderate pain

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

moderate


low

MOR (Gi/o) agonist

?+

(desinhibition)


+++?




Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Hydrocodone

(Tussionex, VicodinR)


synthetic

swallowed

5-10 mg

4-6 hours

For moderate to severe pain; cough suppressant

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable with common

very high


high


MOR (Gi/o) agonist

?+

(desinhibition)

+?

+++?


moderate

moderate

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Oxycodone


synthetic

swallowed; injected

2.25-5 mg

(5-15 mg injected)

4-6 hours

For moderate to severe pain

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

moderate


moderate


Unknown


?+

(desinhibition)

+?

+++?


moderate

moderate

Narcotic

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Propoxyphene

(DarvonR)

synthetic

swallowed

65-120 mg

4-6 hours

For moderate pain

iv

low

low

Unknown

(desinhibition)




moderate

moderate

Hypnotic

effect look like amphetamines

Chloral Hydrate

(“Mickey Finn”)

synthetic

swallowed

often with morphin


sedat.: 250-500 mg

sleep: 500 mg-1 g

4-6 hours


Sleep


iv

low

high

Unknown





moderate

moderate

Hypnotic

Glutethimide

synthetic

swallowed;

sometimes injected

sedat.:125-250mg sleep: 500 mg

4-6 hours


Sleep


(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

low

high

Unknown





moderate

moderate

Hypnotic

Meprobamate

(Miltown/EquanilR)

synthetic

swallowed

anxiety: 400 mg

sleep: 400-800 mg

3-7 hours

anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic

substance i, ii, iii, iv

low

high

Unknown




yes

moderate

moderate

Hypnotic

Methaqualone

synthetic

swallowed

150 mg

3-6 hours

anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

low (formerly

moderate)

moderate


Unknown





moderate

moderate

Barbiturate

Pentobarbital sodium

(NembutalR)

synthetic

swallowed; injected;

suppository

sedation: 20-40 mg

sleep: 100-200 mg

4-6 hours

hypnotic

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

moderate-high

GABA

Acetylcholine



+


moderate

moderate

Barbiturate

Phenobarbital


synthetic

swallowed; injected

sedation: 15-60 mg

epilepsy:

50-100mg

sleep: 100-300 mg

8-16 hours

hypnotic

prevent epileptic

seizures

iv

moderate

mode-

rate-high


GABA

Acetylcholine



+


moderate

high

Barbiturate

Secobarbital

synthetic

swallowed; injected

sleep: 100 mg

4-6 hours

hypnotic

ii

high

moderate


GABA

acetylcholine



+


moderate

high

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Chlordiazepoxide

synthetic

swallowed; injected

abuse: 600 mg medical: 5-20 mg

(injected 25-100 mg)

4-8 hours

Relief of

tension; anxiety

iv

moderate

low


GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+


moderate

moderate

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Diazepam

synthetic

swallowed; injected

abuse: 150 mg

medical: 2-10 mg

4-8 hours

anxiolytic, sedative, anti-convulsant, hypnotic, myo-elaxant

(iv) low potential for abuse

moderate

n/a

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

moderate

moderate

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Alprazolam

synthetic

swallowed

0.25-0.5 mg

4-8 hours

hypnotic

(iv) low potential for abuse

high

low

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

moderate

moderate

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors& ion channels

Clorazepate

synthetic

swallowed

15-30 mg

4-6 hours

Anxiety

iv

moderate

very high

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

high

high

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors& ion channels

Lorazepam

synthetic

swallowed; injected

2-4 mg

8-16 hours

anxiety

iv

moderate

very high

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

moderate

moderate

Benzodiazepine

bind to ionotropic receptors& ion channels

Triazolam

synthetic

swallowed

0.25-0.5 mg

4-6 hours

sedative; sleep

iv

moderate

none

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

high

high

Benzodiazepine

bind to ionotropic receptors& ion channels

Quazepam

synthetic

swallowed

7.5-15 mg

8-16 hours

sleep

iv

moderate

none

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

moderate

moderate

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Flunitrazepam

synthetic

swallowed

1-2 mg

4-6 hours

none

illegal

very high

none

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

high

high

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Clonazepam

synthetic

swallowed

0.5-2 mg

4-6 hours

Anti-epileptic;

anti-panic

iv

moderate

none

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

moderate

moderate

Benzodiazepine

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Flurazepam

synthetic

swallowed

15-30 mg

6-8 hours

Sedative; sleep

iv

moderate

none

GABAAR positive modulator

serotonine?

acetylcholine?

+/-

desinhibition

?

+

yes

moderate

moderate

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Benzedrine

synthetic

sniffed, injected

variable

2-4hours

Narcolepsy;

attention deficit

disorder; obesity

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

high

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate

high

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Dextroamphetamine

(DexedrineR) (Biphetamine) “dexies”

synthetic

swallowed injected

narcoleps20-60 mg

attent. deficit: 25-40

abuse: 250-300/d

2-4hours

Narcolepsy;

attention deficit

disorder; obesity

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

high

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate

high

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Phendimetrazine

(Prelu-2R, Adipost R)

synthetic

swallowed

35-70mg

4-6hours

Obesity

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable with common

moderate

moderate

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate

high

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Methylphenidate

synthetic

swallowed, injected

5-60 mg attention deficit hyperactive disorder

narcolep.: 20-30mg

3-5 hours

attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

moderate-high

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate

possible

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Methamphetamine

(“ice,” “crystal,” “Speed”)

synthetic

swallowed, injected

5-20 mg

6-12hours

attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, weight control

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

high

moderate-high

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate?

high

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Benzphetamine

synthetic

swallowed, injected

25-50 mg

4 hours

obesity

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable with common

moderate

moderate

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate?

high

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Phentermine

synthetic

swallowed, injected

15-40 mg

12 hours

obesity

iv

low

low

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate?

high

Amphetamines

bind biogenic amines transporters

Fenfluramine

synthetic

swallowed, injected

20mg

4 - 6 hours

withdrawn

n/a

n/a

n/a

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport

serotonine increase release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++

+

yes

moderate?

high

Psychostimulant

cathecolaminergic

Ephedrine

Ma huang herb

pseudoephedrin, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine

ephedra bush; or synthetic

close to adrenalin

swallowed

25-50 mg

2-3 hours

nasal decongestant; asthma, appetite suppressant

n/a

moderate

low

DAT, NET, VMAT reverses transport; serotonine increase: release lower reuptake

++++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic deplete, excitate

+++



?

moderate ?

Stimulants

cocaine bind biogenic amines transporters

Crack Cocaine

Coke, flake, Snow, Crack,

erythroxylon coca leaves

smoked; sniffed; injected

fatal crack: 1.2 g

medic:10-200mg/ml

20-30 mg / nostril

crack less than 1 hour


1-2 hours

local anesthetic

(ii) potential for severe physical dependence kept locked & traceable

very high

very high

DAT, SERT, and NET Inhibitor

++++

blocks DA uptake

+++

++

yes

possible

high

Other Stimulants

Coffee

coffee bean

swallowed

1-2 cups

40-80 mg

variable

None

n/a

low

none

Unknown








Other Stimulants

Tea

tea leaves

swallowed

10-90 mg

variable

None

n/a

low

none

Unknown







Other Stimulants

Theobromine

cocoa bean

swallowed

20-25 mg

3 hourrs

None

n/a

low

none

Endorphins?







Other Stimulants

Cola

cola nut

swallowed

20-45 mg

variable

None

n/a

low

none

Unknown







Other Stimulants

No-Doz

VivarinR


synthetic

swallowed

headaches: 30-100 mg stimulation: 100-250 mg

1 hour

None

(No-Doz headaches)

n/a

moderate

none

Unknown







Hallucinogen

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Mescaline

peyote cactus

phenylethyl-amine

swallowed

300-500 mg

3–12 "buttons"

7-12 hours

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate-high

low-none

5-HT2AR (Gq) partial agonist

partial agonist



possible

unknown

unknown

Hallucinogen

DOM

synthetic

swallowed; injected; smoked

5-10 mg

4-8 hours

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate-high

low-none

unknown




possible

unknown

unknown

Hallucinogen

activate G protein–coupled receptors

LSD

synthetic

indole alkylamine

swallowed; inhaled; injected

50-400 mg

6-16 hours

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate-high

low-none

5-HT2AR (Gq) partial agonist

partial agonist



yes

none

unknown

Hallucinogen

activate G protein–coupled receptors

Psilocybin

mushrooms, synthetic,

indole alkylamine

swallowed; sniffed;

10-40 mg

0.2-0.4%dry matter

5–100 mushrooms, 4–6 mg of psilocybin

3-7 hours

None

substance i, ii, iii

moderate-high

low-none

5-HT2AR (Gq) partial agonist

pharm & plant : e.g. datura

anticholinergics

partial agonist



yes

or possible

none

none

Hallucinogen

DMT

synthetic

swallowed; sniffed; inhaled; injected


5-20 mg

15-60 hours

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate-high

low-none

unknown







Hallucinogen

Scopolamine

belladone deadly

nightshade plant synthetic

swallowed

0.5mg

1-2hours

None

n/a

moderate-high

low-none

unknown







gen. anesthesics

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Phencyclidine

synthetic

piperadine derivative


s

5-10 mg


days (oral); 4-12 hours (sniffed)

Veterinary medicine; only as surgical anesthetics

i (vet use only)

high-moderate

unknown

NMDAR antagonist

desinhibition






gen. anesthesics

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

Ketamine

synthetic

sniffed

1–9 mg

variable

around 1 hour

Veterinary medicine only as surgical anesthetics

i (vet use only)

high-moderate

unknown

NMDAR antagonist

desinhibition




possible

high

inhalants

solvents

synthetics

inhaled

variable

15-45 minutes

None

n/a

high

unknown

Unknown




no

unknown

high

inhalants

amyl and butyl nitrate

synthetic

inhaled

variable

3-5 minutes


up to 1 hour

Angina (Amyl)

n/a

moderate

unknown

Unknown




no

unknown

unknown

inhalants

nitrous Oxide

laughing gas, balloons

synthetic

inhaled

variable

5-10 minutes

up to half an hour

Dental anesthesia

n/a

high

unknown

Unknown




no

unknown

low

cannabis

activ. G protein–coupled receptors

marijuana

Grass,

cannabis plant

smoked; swallowed in foods

4-40 mg of THC/dosis

psychosis > 15mg

1-3 hours

Unknown

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate

low

binds cannabinoid receptor CB1R (Gi/o) agonist

(desinhibition)

+/-

+/-

yes

unknown

moderate

cannabis

activ. G protein–coupled receptors

hashish

hash

cannabis plant

smoked; swallowed in foods

variable

variable

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate

low

binds cannabinoid receptor

CB1R (Gi/o) agonist

+

(desinhibition)

+/-

+/-

yes

unknown

moderate

cannabis

activ. G protein–coupled receptors

TetraHydroCannabinol

(MarinolR)

synthetic

smoked; swallowed in foods

5–15 mg

2-4 hours

Relief of nausea/ vomiting in cancer therapy

substance i, product ii

moderate

low

binds cannabinoid receptor

CB1R (Gi/o) agonist

+

(desinhibition)

+/-

+/-

yes

yes

moderate

Beverage

Alcohol

beer


grain

swallowed

12 oz.

1 hour

Pharmaceutical solvent;

n/a

very high

high

GABAAR, 5-HT3R, nAChR,

NMDAR, Kir3 channels

+

excitattion

+/-

++

yes

would be medium

would be medium

Beverage

Alcohol

distilled spirits

grain

swallowed

1 1/2 oz.

1 hour

prolongs labor

n/a

very high

high

GABAAR, 5-HT3R, nAChR,

NMDAR, Kir3 channels

+

excitattion

+/-

++

yes

high

high

Beverage

Alcohol

wine

fruit

swallowed

4 oz.

1 hour


n/a

very high

high

GABAAR, 5-HT3R, nAChR,

NMDAR, Kir3 channels

+

excitattion

+/-

++

yes

cultural practice should self-control

cultural practice should self-control

Tobacco

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

nicotine

cigarettes, cigars, pipes

tobacco leaves

smoked

15-20 mg (per cigarette)

variable 1 cig.< 1 hour

None in humans;animal tranquilizer

n/a

very high

high

Acetylcholine

nAChR (α4β2) agonist

+ agonist excita-tion, disinhibition,

modulates release

?





Tobacco

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

nicotine

snuff

tobacco leaves

sniffed

variable

variable

None

n/a

moderate

moderate

Acetylcholine

nAChR (α4β2) agonist


+ agonist excita-tion, disinhibition,

modulates release

?

+/-




Tobacco

bind ionotropic receptors & ion channels

nicotine

chewing tobacco

tobacco leaves

chewed; swallowed

variable

variable

None

n/a

moderate

moderate

Acetylcholine

nAChR (α4β2) agonist


+ agonist excita-tion, disinhibition,

modulates release

?

+/-




Designer Drugs

activate G pro-tein–coupled receptors

Ecstasy

XTC, Adam), MDA (Love Drug), MDEA (Eve), MBDB

synthetic

phenyl-ethylamine

inhaled; smoked

? 125-175 mg ?

50–200 mg

4-6 hours

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

high

5-ht release ?

SERT > DAT, NET reverses transport

+++

blocks DA uptake, synaptic depletion

?

?

yes

none

moderate

Designer Drugs

activate G pro-tein–coupled receptors

GHB

gamma-hydroxyd-butyrate

synthetic

swallowed

? 5 ml ?

3-6 hours

none in U.S., anesthetic

substance i, product iii

moderate

unknown

GABABR (Gi/o) weak agonist

weak agonist

desinhibition

?

?

yes

moderate

moderate

Designer Drugs

Nexus

synthetic

swallowed

?10-30 mg ?

4-8 hours

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate

unknown

Unknown (“bromo,”

?

?

?

?

?

?

Designer Drugs

Methcathinone

synthetic

injected; inhaled

variable

variable

None

(i) high potential of abuse, no medical use accepted

moderate

unknown

Unknown (“cat”)

?

?

?

?

?

?

Anabolic steroids

testosterone


injected


14-28 days

Hypogonadism

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable







unknown

unknown

unknown

Anabolic steroids


Danazol

parabolan,winstrol,equipose, anadrol, dianabol, D-Ball primabolin-depo

synthetic

swallowed,

injected

100-400 mg

variable

Treat wasting diseases (Cancer; AIDS; etc.)

Anemia, Breast cancer

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable

moderate

none

Unknown (DanocrineR)




unknown

unknown

yes

Anabolic steroids

Stanozolol

synthetic

swallowed

2-4 mg

variable

Treat wasting diseases (Cancer; AIDS; etc.)

(iii) potential moderate low physical depen-dence storable

moderate

none

Unknown (WinstrolR)




unknown



Places of use docs

*neuroanatomy*

*neurotransmitters*

*alcoholdetoxification*

*alcoholabuse*