Neuro -transmitter |
precur- sor |
suppo- sed EEG |
recep- tor |
effector |
location |
Physiologic Effects |
Pathophysiological circumstances |
Effect of deficit |
Effect of exces |
Dopamine |
L-phenyl -alanine |
Beta |
D1
D2 |
increase protein G decrease protein G |
PNS, CNS, grey central nuclei, 5 basic projections: meso-cortical, mesolimbic, tuberoinfundibular & nigrostriatal (substantia nigra), ventral tegmentum in mid-brain project mesocortical pathway to frontal cortex, mesolimbic path-way projects to limbic striatum |
usually excitatory, motivation, thought, emotional overactivity? in schizophrenia & psychosis, alert, focus, concentration ADD/ADHD, control of movment, cognition, motivation and reward
|
depleted by all stimulant drugs + nico-tine & caffeine, over activity of dopami-ne in motor striatum such as Hunting-ton's chorea, tardive dyskinesia fatigue syndrome (CFS), fibromyalgia, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), |
dysphoria, reduced pleasure & ability to feel atta-chment, lack of remorse about actions, parkin-son's disease, tardive dyskinesia.
|
mood elevation, schizophre-nia like symptoms, voices “in your head”, SIDS, |
Serotonin |
5HTP trypto -phan |
alpha alpha/ theta delta |
5-HT1
5-HT2
5-HT3
5-HT4
5-HT5 |
increase Na+ decrease protein G incre. phospho -inositol incre. phos-phoi -nositol increase protein G |
CNS, cortex, hippocampus; caudate nucleus, sparsely distributed in pons & brain stem, hypotha-lamus, striatum, limbic system, basal ganglia, drn, olfactory bulb, stomach-intestine, heart
|
usually inhibitory regulation of attention & complex cognitive |
can result in “serotonin syndrome” if multiple SSRIs with drugs prolonging serotonin action makes excessive breakdown of transmitter as do all psychedelic drugs, LSD, PCP, anxiety, MDMA initially enhances extra-cellular brain concentrations of serotonin then it turns depleted |
depression, anxiety, obses-sive thoughts, panic attack, suicidal thoughts, craving, insomnia, |
hypersomnia, sedation, eupho-ria, & nore-pinephrine high: inhibi-ted, obsessive, symptoms of body protection & epinephrine high: increa-s ed reactivity /environment, anxiety |
Nor-epinephrine = noradrenaline
Epinephrine = adrenaline |
dopamine L-phenyl- alanine
tyrosine (limiting step tyro- sine hydro- xylase) |
|
alpha1
alpha2
beta1-3 |
increase phospho- inosinol cycle
increase K+ & decrease protein G increase protein G |
PNS , CNS, locus coeruleus, caudal pontine, brain stem, dorsal adrenergic bundle to cortex (frontal & occipital, diencephalon (cerebellum) & spinal cord, pathway cortex - limbic system - brain stem,adrenal medulla
|
excitatory or inhibitory, awareness, arousal, attention, decreases insulin release & increases glucagon release then increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, & decrease glucose uptake by periphe-ral tissues; increase heart rate, cardi-ac contractility & vascular, smooth mus -cle contraction, relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle increase availability |
diminished dopamine results in reduces norepinephrine, depleted by stimulants of all kinds, can be made inactive by marijuana.
underactivity in some depressions |
apathia, lack of focus, apathic depression, lack of energy, lack of drive, hostile, limited activity, introverted, hyperarterial pressure |
anxiety manic ( hyperactive), panick, stereotyped, agres-sive, hostile, paranoia tachy-cardia, reserpine: limb tre-mors, cocaine & tricyclic antidepressants block re-uptake: euphoria, lipolysis (fat cell), gluconeogenesis insuline inhibited (pancreas βcell), faster transition |
Acetylcholine (Ach) |
choline |
alpha |
nicotinic
musca- rinic m |
increase Na+
increase phospho- -inosinol cycle |
PNS, neuromusc.junction,CNS: diffuse, basal ganglia, motor cor-tex, first system of projection: nu-cleus basalis to neocortex, pedun -culo-pontine nucleus projects to thalamus & midbrain, cholinergic neurons in basal ganglia.nerves, heart, nerves, smooth muscle fibers, heart & neurons inhibitor, glands, smooth muscle fibers endothelium |
excitatory (generally) or inhibitory depending on area. nucleus basalis in learning & memory ? excitory CNS, gastric acid secretion smooth muscle fibers contraction , vasodilation sleep cycles, learning & memory ? hallucinations ? main in parasympathetic system |
nucleus basalis impaired in senile dementia, schizophrenics have less catecholamine in pontine cholinergic nuclei. |
Altzheimer, mysthenia gravis: deficient Ach receptors; curare: muscle paralysis , nicotine starts & increasing alertness (stimulates Ach-ase) mania
|
depression (some antidepressant blocks acetylcholine receptors
|
Opioid peptides enkephalins β-endorphin dynorphin |
Diphenyl -alanine, Glycine, Methio -nine |
|
mu / delta mu kappa |
decre. protG, incre. K+ mod. dopa-mine release ? Ca2+chan. closure, low AMPc decr. rele-ase |
analgesia: especially spinal cord & brain stem, limbic system: intercative with dopamine neurons |
activates dopamines neurons, respiration control, cardiac rhythm & arterial pressure, gastro-intestinal hormonal regulation, pain's perception,
|
all drugs effecting opioid system will eventually reduce natural supply if used for large periods; trauma reduces availability in drug addiction adenylyl cyclase & reorga-nization of the dendritic tree |
sense of inadequacy, incompleteness, reduced ability to combat physical pain |
pleasure via dopamine activation, excessive sedation, can be fatal more if combined with other sedating agents |
Cannabinoids, endocan.: anandamine, 2-arachido-noyl -glycerol |
|
|
CB1 CB2 |
lipophylic |
CNS, testicule, uterus, immune system, intestine, urinary bladder, retina, endotheliocytes, immune system, hippocampus hypothala-mus-hypophyse (CRF, ACTH) receptors in many neurotransmitters types |
? short-fast neuron relief. effect / memory & cognition, relaxation, increased sensory awareness, decreas short-term memory, motor incoordi-nation, analgesia, antiemetic & antiepi-leptic, increase appetite, mood regulat. immune modulation, neuroprotection |
increased in shocks (any), liver cirrhosis and acute pancreatitis |
|
anxiolytic ? glaucoma, migrania, leucosclerosis, Parkinson |
GABA
(gamma amino butyric acid)
|
L-gluta- mine |
alpha/ theta |
GABA
GABA
|
increase Cl
proteinG K+ |
CNS, neuromuscular junction, diffuse, acts to reduce firing of dopaminergic neurons in tegmentum & substantia nigra reduce energy expenditures and induces carbohydrate intake 25 - 40% of CNS neurons |
inhibitory, |
GABA-a agonist: anticonvulsant & muscle relaxants, anxiety, stress, addictions, memory and learning, boosts immune system, personal insights, meno-pause, sleep patterns, increased tolerance to pain (i.e. child-birth) caffeine inhibits GABA release |
tense muscles, stress, |
excess sedation, desinhibi-tion, loss of balance, epilepsy (excess GABA leads excess norepinephrine & dopamine, benzodiazepines: decrease anxiety, lithium, antiepileptic (carbamazepine, divalproex) gabapentin, tiagabine |
Glutamate |
|
|
AMDA, NMDA, Kainate, Gprotein coupled |
increase Na+ increase Ca2+ |
neuromuscular junction, CNS, widely distributed, cerebellum, |
usually excitatory, starts action potentials or keeps them going important for learning & memory |
obsessive-compulsive disorders |
PCP & caffeine increases glutamate activity, delirium, seizures |
alcohol decreases glutamate activity, memory disruption |
PNS: peripheric nervous system; CNS: central nervous system |
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