Common Natural Toxins (nfm) |
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Name |
source |
neuronal action |
Agatoxin |
funnel web spider |
blocks calcium channels |
Agitoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Alpha-bungarotoxin |
krait (snake) |
blocks acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptor |
Anatoxin |
algae |
acetylcholine receptor agonist |
Apamin |
honey bee |
blocks potassium channels |
Atracotoxin |
blue mountains funnel web spider |
blocks voltage-gated calcium channels |
ATX II |
sea anemone |
activates voltage-gated sodium channels |
Batrachotoxin |
poison arrow frog |
prevents sodium channels from closing |
beta-bungarotoxin |
krait (snake) |
inhibits release of ach at neuromusuclar junction and blocks potassium channels |
Botulinum toxin |
bacteria |
blocks acetylcholine release |
Brevetoxin |
red tide dinoflagellate |
activates sodium channels |
Calcicludine |
eastern green mamba |
blocks voltage-gated calcium channels |
Calciseptine |
black mamba |
blocks voltage-gated calcium channels |
Capsaicin |
cayenne pepper |
excites peripheral nerve endings |
Charybdotoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Ciguatoxin |
dinoflagellate |
opens sodium channels |
Cobrotoxin |
cobra |
blocks nicotinic receptors |
Conotoxin |
marine snail |
several types: one blocks voltage-sensitive calcium channels; |
Crotoxin |
s. american rattlesnake |
reduces acetylcholine release |
Dendrotoxin |
green mamba |
blocks voltage-gated potassium channels |
Domoic acid |
blue mussel |
glutamate/kainate receptor agonist |
Erabutoxin |
sea snake |
blocks acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptors |
rErgtoxin-1 |
mexican scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Fasciculin-I |
eastern green mamba |
blocks action of acetylcholinesterase |
Grammotoxin SIA |
south american rose tarantula |
blocks calcium channels |
Gonyautoxin |
dinoflagellate |
blocks sodium channels |
Holocyclotoxin |
australian paralysis tick |
inhibits release of acetylcholine |
Homobatrachotoxin |
pitohui (bird) |
activates sodium channels |
rHongotoxin-1 |
central american scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
HWTX-I |
chinese bird spider |
blocks calcium channels |
Iberiotoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Joro spider toxin |
joro spider |
blocks glutamate receptors |
Kaliotoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Kurtoxin |
south african scorpion |
blocks calcium channels |
Latrotoxin |
black widow spider |
enhances acetylcholine release |
Maculotoxin |
blue-ringed octopus |
blocks sodium channels |
Margatoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Maurotoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Noxiustoxin |
scorpion |
blocks sodium channels |
Palytoxin |
soft coral |
activates sodium channels |
Philanthotoxin |
predaceous wasp |
blocks glutamate receptors |
Phoneutriatoxin |
banana spider |
slows sodium channel inactivation |
Phrixotoxin |
chilean fire tarantula |
blocks potassium channels |
Pompilidotoxin |
solitary wasp |
activates voltage-gated sodium channels |
Robustotoxin |
funnel web spider |
opens sodium channels |
Saxitoxin |
dinoflagellate |
blocks sodium channels |
Scyllatoxin |
scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
SNX-482 |
african tarantula |
blocks calcium channels |
Stichodactyla Toxin |
sea anemone |
blocks voltage-gated potassium channels |
rStromatoxin-1 |
african tarantula |
blocks voltage-gated potassium channels |
Taicatoxin |
australian taipan snake |
inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels |
Taipoxin |
australian taipan snake |
inhibits release of acetylcholine |
rTamapin |
indian red scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Tertiapin |
honey bee |
blocks potassium channels |
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) |
pufferfish |
blocks sodium channels |
Textilotoxin |
australian common brown snake |
blocks release of acetylcholine |
Tityustoxin-K |
brazilian scorpion |
blocks potassium channels |
Versutoxin |
funnel web spider |
opens sodium channels |