Thermal Comfort

Average energy consumption in office

Summary of Ventilation functions

Cooling load (kWh/m

mid nineties

kWh/m

Function

minimum ventilation (odour removal, etc.)

ventilation for structural cooling

Air movement for colling the body

shading coefficient

19°C

23°C

27°C

Germany

55

required

in all occupied buildings

mainly in hot dry conditions

mainly in warm humid conditions

0.3

245

170

100

USA

268

conditions

all conditions of external temperature

mainly in hot dry condition outside air cooler than inside air by more than 2°C

outside air the same or cooler than inside air

0.2

215

140

70

Malaysia

269

suitable building

all buildings

high internal heat capacity building

single banked building

0.1

190

110

45

Singapore

222

methods stack effect

adequate for ventilation under most conditions

adequate for cooling

not adequate

0.05

175

100

40

Rio de Janeiro

340

open -ings

no special requirements

high outlet and low inlet, each 5% of floor area

-

0.02

160

85

35

Temperature reduction

by ventilation

wind pres -sure

adequate for ventilation

adequate but may not be available at night

good if available

Example of casual thermic gains

air velocity m/s

°K (or °C)

open -ings

no special requirements

follow the requirements for stack effect

large inlet and outlet on opposite sides of building, each 20% of wall area min.

output (Watt)

sensible

latent

0.5

1.45

mecha -nical

not usually necessary, but extract fans may be used in kitchens. Internal WCs also require extra fans

not necessary as stack effect will work auto-matically if outside air is cooler than inside air

May be desirable, tans are not needed to move the air in the room not to provide air change

People (at 25°C DBT)

- sitting

- light work

- heavy work

70

90

115

45

140

310

1

2

typical requi rement

1 air change per hour

10 air changes per hour

1-1.5m/s air speed 5equivalent to 100 air changes /hour

Lighting (400lux)

- tungstene

- fluorescent

- flur. 300lx + task light

/m

50-90

15-20

5-10

0

0

0

1.5

2.5

Coffee urn 14litres

Deep fryer 13kgs

700

1100

500

1700

2

2.9

Computing terminal

photocopiers

Electric typewriter

250

0

2.5

3.2

Dressing steriliser

Bunsen burner

2800

300

2600

100

Heating Home Needs

Needs

80' appt

80' restored appt

First plant iso2000 appt

80' house

80' restored house

First plant iso2000 house

Prod.

central wind electricity

7.7 MWh

4.88

4.3

11.56

7.6

7.2

Prod.

central electricity

9.0 MWh

5.7

5.03

13.51

8.88

8.42

Indiv. heat.

methane gas

30.1 MWh

19.08

16.81

45.19

29.71

28.15

Indiv. heat.

propane gas

1002 m3

635.03

559.56

1504.3

988.99

936.94

Indiv. heat.

domestic fuel

852m3

539.97

475.79

1279.11

840.94

796.68

Indiv. heat.

pinewood

2. 88t

1.83

1.61

4.32

2.84

2.69

Indiv. heat.

deciduous wood

3.22t

2.04

1.8

4.83

3.18

3.01

Indiv. heat.

wood pellet

3.32t

2.1

1.85

4.98

3.28

3.1

Air Conditionning Home Needs Cold

Air Conditionning Home Needs Heat

Device

performance

mean

Device

performance

mean

monoblock mobile

> 2.6 kWh

2.3 ±0.1

monoblock mobile

> 3 kWh

2.7±0.1

monoblack fixed

> 3

2.7 ±0.1

monoblack fixed

> 3.4

31±0.1

split & multisplit

> 3.2

2.9 ±0.1

split & multisplit

> 3.6

3.3 ±0.1

Energetic Category of Equipment (Europe)

Thermal Home Conditioning example

Primary Energy Consumption category

Greenhouse gas effect

year cost

period renewal

kWh/ m2.year kg

eq CO2 / m2.year

Equipment multisplit total

520

10

A

< 5

< 5

year maintenance (1 visit)

140

10

B

51 - 90

6 - 10

filter replacement

70

10

C

91 - 150

11 - 20

refrigeration fluid recharge

70

10

D

151 - 230

11 - 35

electricity

E

231 - 330

36 - 55

500hours year consumption

145

10

F

331 - 450

56 - 80

Total year cost

945

10

G

> 450

> 80

fresh produced /year

2475 kWh