|
|
price elasticity |
income elasticity |
||||||||||||
|
|
median |
mean |
sd |
median |
mean |
sd |
|
|||||||
electricity |
residential |
-0.32 |
-0.32 |
0.25 |
0.28 |
0.47 |
0.45 |
|
|||||||
|
industry |
-0.42 |
-0.42 |
0.20 |
na |
na |
na |
|
|||||||
water |
residential |
-0.38 |
-0.38 |
0.22 |
0.35 |
0.36 |
0.22 |
|
|||||||
|
industry |
-0.54 |
-0.54 |
0.32 |
na |
na |
na |
|
|||||||
Public services subsistence cover needs |
Taxe Burden & State Financing |
||||||||||||||
|
US$ |
at costs recover 0.005 US$ / kWh |
at cost + some investment 0.010 US$ / kWh |
|
Firms tax burden |
Value added tax |
State bond rates at 3 months |
State bond rates at 10 years |
|||||||
Electricity |
40 kWh/month |
1.65 |
3.25 |
Eire |
0.31 |
0.210 |
0.042 |
0.044 |
|||||||
|
120 kWh/month |
4.9 |
9.8 |
USA |
0.29 |
|
|
|
|||||||
Water |
8 m3/month |
3.3 |
6.5 |
France |
0.44 |
0.196 |
0.042 |
0.044 |
|||||||
|
16m3/ month |
6.4 |
13 |
Great Britain |
0.37 |
0.175 |
0.060 |
0.052 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
Italy |
0.41 |
0.200 |
0.042 |
0.046 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
Spain |
0.36 |
0.160 |
0.042 |
0.044 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
Singapore |
|
0.070 |
0.024 |
0.030 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
Hungria |
0.37 |
0.200 |
0.074 |
0.067 |
|||||||
Effects on costs of production and distributions of management of service according source of increase of production |
|||||||||||||||
incidences |
on distribution infrastructures (networks) |
on infrastructures of productions |
|||||||||||||
origin of increase of demand |
adapted capacity |
inadapted capacity |
adapted capacity |
inadapted capacity |
|||||||||||
increaseof individual demands |
low (costs are variables) |
important increase of costs (fixed) |
low (costs basically variables |
important increase of costs (fixed) can go up o create a new unit of distribution with its own network |
|||||||||||
increase of connections (web) |
increase of costs (notably fixed) |
||||||||||||||
Expension of main network |
higher increase of costs (notably fixed) |
||||||||||||||
Framework of State Intervention |
|||||||||||||||
|
Regulation imperative |
Production indicative |
Wide strategic & mono-polistic sectors |
Restrictive (stategic sectors) |
|||||||||||
Neoliberal anarchism (libertarians) |
no |
no |
no |
no |
|||||||||||
Neoliberal |
no |
yes |
no |
no |
|||||||||||
Subsidiary state |
no |
si |
no |
yes |
|||||||||||
Contradictory (non coherent or dependent economy |
no |
yes |
yes |
no |
|||||||||||
Mixte planned economy |
yes (partly) |
no |
no |
yes |
|||||||||||
Planified Economy |
yes |
no |
yes |
no |
|||||||||||
Local public services types |
|||||||||||||||
Provision model |
Service characteristics |
Producer |
Financing |
||||||||||||
direct management |
public collectivity |
municipality |
by user (fee) or tax financed (mix: fee + tax produced) |
||||||||||||
coperation of local agencies or governments |
public collectivity |
municipalities association |
by user (fee) or tax financed (mix: fee + tax produced) |
||||||||||||
sub-contract |
public collectivity |
private firm or public collectivity |
by user (fee) or tax financed (mix: fee + tax produced) |
||||||||||||
concession, license |
public collectivity |
private or public firm |
by user (price) |
||||||||||||
subsidies to public or private firms |
public collectivity and users |
private firms or not for profit association |
by user (price) and tax financed (subsidy amount) |
||||||||||||
tickets |
public collectivity and users |
private or public agency |
by user or tax |
||||||||||||
voluntary (non profit) |
not for profit organization |
not for profit association or organization |
free contribution or subsidy |
||||||||||||
market |
users |
private firm |
by user (on price) |
||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||