|
Observed behavior |
Hypothetical |
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Direct |
Direct observed Competitive market price Simulated markets |
Direct hypothetical Bidding games Willingness to pay questions |
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Indirect |
Indirect observed Travel cost Hedonic property values Avoidance expenditures Referendum voting |
Indirect Hypothetical Contingent ranking Contingent activity Conteingent referendum |
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Source: nfm |
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Estimating Values of Environmental Service |
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Type of service flow |
Type of model |
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Human health |
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Mortality risk |
Hedonic wages, Averting behavior, Contingent valuation, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Chronic morbidity
|
Averting behavior, Contingent valuation, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Acute morbidity |
Averting behavior, Health production function, Contingent valuation, Contingent valuation, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Other direct impacts on humans amenities, visibility, noise |
Hedonic property values, Hedonic wages, Interurban, Averting behavior, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Economic productivity of ecological systems |
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|
Changes in producers’s and consumers surpluses Switches to more sustainable uses |
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Other ecological services |
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Recreation |
travel cost model with weak comlementarity, Random utility model, Contingent valuation, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Ecological stability, biodiversity |
Contingent valuation, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Effects on non living systems, such as material |
Changes in producers’ and consumers’ surpluses Hedonic property values, Averting behavior, Contingent valuation Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Non-use values |
Contingent valuation, Contingent ranking, Contingent activity |
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Source: nfm |
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Measuring Welfare Changes |
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Welfare measure |
Imply |
Price increase |
Price decrease |
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Compensating variation |
implied property right in the change |
Willingness to pay to avoid |
Willingness to accept compensation to forgo |
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Equivalent variation |
Imply property right in the status quo |
Willingness to accept compensation to accept |
Willingness to pay to obtain |
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Implicit “rights” |
Policy question |
Gainers |
Losers |
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To the present pollutors |
Require clean up ? |
Neighbours compensating measure (Willingness to pay ) |
Pollutor compensating measure (Willingness to accept compensation) |
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To the potential polluter |
Allow pollution ? |
Pollutor equivalent measure (Willingness to accept compensation) |
Pollutor equivalent measure (Willingness to pay ) |
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To the neighbours |
Require clean up ? |
Neighbours equivalent measure (Willingness to accept compensation) |
Neighbours equivalent measure (Willingness to pay ) |
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To the neighbours |
Allow pollution ? |
Pollutor compensating measure (Willingness to pay ) |
Neighbours compensating measure (Willingness to accept compensation) |
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Source: nfm |
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Mind Figure & Natural Environment or Resources |
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Characteristic |
Unidirectional causal |
Random process |
Mutual causal |
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Science |
Tradi notional cause and effect model |
classic thermodynamics, Shannon information theory |
Open system thermodynamics, post-Shannon information theory |
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Information |
past and future inferable form |
informations decays and gests lost, blueprint must contain more information than finished product |
Information ca be generated, non-redundant complexity can be generated without pre-established blueprint |
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Cosmology |
predetermined universe |
decaying universe |
self-generating and self-organizing universe |
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Social organization |
hierarchical |
individualistic |
non hierarchical inter-actionist holarchic |
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Social policy |
homogeneistic |
decentralized |
heterogenistic coordination |
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Ideology |
authoritarian |
anarchistic |
cooperative |
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Philosophy |
universalism |
nominalism |
network |
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Ethics |
competitive |
isolationist |
symbiotic |
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Aesthetics |
unity by similarity and repetition |
haphazard |
harmony of diversity |
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Religion |
monotheism |
freedom of religion |
polytheistic harmonism |
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Decision process |
dictatorship, majority rule or consensus |
do your own thing |
elimination of hardship on individual, communitarian |
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Logic |
deductive, axiomatic |
inductive, empirical |
complementary |
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Perception |
categorical |
atomistic |
contextual |
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Knowledge |
believe in one truth, if people are informed, they will agree |
why bother to learn beyond one{s own interest |
polyocular: learn different views and take them into consideration |
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Methodology |
classificatory, taxonomic |
statistical |
relational contextual analysis |
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Research hypothesis and strategy |
dissimilar results must have been caused by dissimilar conditions; differences must be traced to conditions producing them |
there is probability distribution; find out probability distribution |
dissimilar results may come from similar conditions due to mutually amplified network; network analysis instead of tracing the difference back to initial conditions in such cases |
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Assessment |
impact analysis |
what does it do to me ? |
look for feedback loops for self-cancellation or self-reinforcement |
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Analysis |
preset categories used for all situations |
limited categories for one’s own use |
changeable categories depending on the situation |
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View of community people as |
ignorant, poorly informed, lacking expertise, limited in scope |
egocentric |
most direct source of information, articulate in their own view, essential in determining relevance |
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Planning |
by experts; either keep community people uninformed, or inform them so that they will agree |
laissez-faire |
generated by community people, learning by doing. |
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Source: nfm |
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