Water Pollution Remediation

Wastewater contaminant concern

Example of load capacity in bed contamination treatment

suspend solids

pathogens & parasites

piority pollutants

heavy metal

area m2

stock.m3

contaminant

water spill method

biodegradable organics

nutrients

refractory organics

disolved inorg -anics

23750

3475

fuel hydrocarbonpolycycyclic aromatic

drain/spill to

water treatment station

2500

275

gasoil

Summary of Water Pollution Control Technologies

technology

Ppm applicable concentration

Capacity range gpm

Removal efficiency

Capital costs

US$ / l

Year operative cost

US$ / l

Secondary waste

advantage

limitations

Thermal oxidation

recuperative

100 - 2000

1000 - 500000

0.98

5.5 - 102

8 - 46

Combustion products

0.95 energy recovery possible

/ halogenated - if: downstream treatment

Thermal oxidation regenerative

100 - 2000

1000 - 500000

0.98

15.5 - 230

10.5 - 77

Combustion products

0.95 energy recovery possible

/ halogenated- if: downstream treatment

Catalytic oxidation fixed bed

100 - 2000

1000 - 100000

0.94

10 - 128

5 - 38

Combustion products

0.7 energy recovery possible

Thermal variability & /hologenated

- if: downstream treatment

Catalytic oxidation fluidized bed

100 - 2000

1000 - 100000

0.94

18 - 113

8 - 46

Combustion products

0.7 energy recovery possible

Thermal variability & /hologenated

- if: downstream treatment

Carbon absorption

20 - 5000

100 - 60000

0.94

8 - 62

5 - 18

Spent carbon, collected organic

Well in cyclic processes

Not recommmended in stream RH > 50%,

ketones, aldehydes, esther, clog carbon pores

Photocatalytic oxidation

< 1000

< 20000

0.92

31 - 164

2.6 - 46

Oxidation products

Modular design, low ow, low operating cost

Solar alvailability &

/ halogenated may require equipment

Photocatalytic oxidation, electric

< 1000

< 20000

0.96

8 - 133

2.6 - 51

Oxidation products

Modular design

/ halogenated may require equipment

Water Pollution Study

Pollution of groundwater

Priority pollutants to be considered

Diffuse pollution input from different sources: including atmosphere, fertili-zers and crop

Local pollution from point sources including industrial sites and

waste dumps.

Subsurface infrastructure pollution including storage

Agrochemicals including fertilizers and pesticides

Hormones and antibiotics

Fuels and other solvents

Metals including radionuclides

Microorganisms and viruses

Pollutant mass transport types

Type or subtype of models

soluble and well mixing (diluting) species that do not change water flow and rock wettability properties, advec-tion, dispersion, diffusion &

soluble & well mixing (diluting) species that change water flow & rock wettability properties; advec-tion, dispersion, diffusion mecha-nisms are involved but little retarda-tion

soluble, but poorly mixing cases due to a change in the water density and flow properties; advection, disper-sion, diffusion and

retardation (coo-ling) mechanisms are involved;

nonsoluble but well mixing species that do not change wa-ter flow and rock wettability pro-perties; advection, dispersion &

Poorly soluble but nonmixing fluids creating multi-phase flow condi-tions; advection, dispersion & retar-dation (sorption,

oxidation, decay) are active within the pollutant phase flow domain, solu- tion at the phase boundary & advec-tion, dispersion, diffusion

1. Continuum or equivalent continuum models - Porous rocks are represented as a spacial replication of a represen-tative elementary volume (REV) and in such a way statistically homogenized. With a continuum model, the dispersion-advection equation is applied for such media. With an equivalent continuum model, the fractured rock masses are assimilated to the equivalent porous media and the fluid flow within such media is modelled. Variables are defined by their

radioactive tracers, various salts

Detergents

hot water,

salty marine water

bacteria, viruses, colloids, suspended matter

various non-aqueous phase liquids ( NAPL) with light

Radionucleids use in water diffusion studies

2. Discrete flow models - fluid flow in the

discontinuities or channels is explicitly modelled. TGoverning flow equations are either derived for the individual

discontinuities or channels or as the mass flow equations for the complete discontinuity or channel network. In the first case, the variables are defined for the individual discontinuities. In the second case, the discontinuity (or channel) network variables are defined either for the individual, clearly distingui-shable discontinuity (channel) sets, or s tochastically, with an equivalent random

Radionucleid

Half life (years)

applications

2H 18O water

stable

Origin of water, identification of recharge areas, hydraulic connections, aquifer leakage, mixing of water, salinization mechanism, recycling of irrigation water, geothermal activity

3H water

12.43

Identification of recent recharge, transport in the measured zone

3He 4He water

stable

Determination of retention time

stable

Identification of sewage effluents

stable

Disolved inorganic carbon, organic compounds, origin of carbon compounds, identification of paleowaters, grounwaters dynamics, identification and origin of pollutants, biomarkers

3. Double and triple porosity models - Rock matrix and the discontinuity

(channel) network are considered here as two distinct but overlapping continua, modelled with different but hydraulically

coupled models. Rock matrix is model-led with an equivalent continuum model and the discontinuity network isgenerally modelled in the same way.

5730

Groundwater dynamics, identification of paleowaters

Stable

Groundwater dynamics, identification of paleowaters

Stable

Identification of soruces of pollution, acidification, salinization, acid mine drainage, groundwater flow in geothermal systems

100

Dating shallow groundwater, weathering rates, exposure ages

306000

Dating rock-water interaction

stable

Identification of sorucesof pollution, salinisation

269

dating

210000

dating

10.8

Transport mechanisms (fissure flow), delineation of protection zones

250000

Dating, rock-water interaction