Significant metals in the treatment of residual waters |
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|
|
nutrients biogrowth |
concentration range inhib. organism. |
observed use for |
Previous dosis mud applied |
Chemical substance relevant to drinking wter |
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metal |
symbol |
macro |
micro |
hetetrophic mg/l |
afluent/soil |
in soil |
origin |
Limit value mg/l |
|
||
arsenic |
As |
|
|
0.05 |
|
yes |
rock, industrialwaste, iron, steel... |
0.01 |
Arsenic |
||
cadmium |
Cd |
|
|
1 |
|
yes |
water disinfection product |
5 |
Chlorine Cl2 |
||
calcium |
Ca |
yes |
|
|
yes |
|
pipes corrosion agriculture |
2 |
Copper |
||
chrome |
Cr |
|
yes |
10.1 |
|
|
rocks, fertilizers,fish, industrial aluminium industry |
1.5 |
Fluorides |
||
cobalt |
Co |
|
yes |
|
|
|
natural, chemical industry, lead pipes |
0.01 |
Lead |
||
copper |
Cu |
|
yes |
1 |
|
yes |
iron bearing rocks |
0.4 |
Manganese |
||
iron |
Fe |
yes |
|
|
|
|
fecal, organic contamination, leaching, fertilizer |
50 |
Nitrates |
||
lead |
Pb |
|
yes |
0.1 |
|
yes |
organic matter |
3 |
Nitrities |
||
magnesium |
Mg |
yes |
yes |
0.1 |
yes |
|
Drinking water parameters ( & previous) |
||||
manganese |
Mn |
|
yes |
|
|
|
color |
15 TCU |
|
||
mercury |
Hg |
|
|
|
|
yes |
Conductivity mg/l |
1000 |
1400µS/cm |
||
molybden |
Mo |
|
yes |
|
|
yes |
turbidity |
5 NTU |
|
||
nickel |
Ni |
|
yes |
1 |
|
yes |
Aluminium mg/l |
0.2 |
|
||
potassium |
K |
yes |
|
|
|
|
Amonia NH4 mg/l |
1.5 |
|
||
selenium |
Se |
|
yes |
|
|
|
Chloride Cl- mg/l |
250 |
|
||
sodium |
Na |
yes |
|
|
yes |
|
Hardness mg/l |
200 |
From Ca & Mg |
||
tungsten |
W |
|
yes |
|
|
|
Hydrogen sulphid H2S mg/l |
0.05 |
Anaerobic / organic |
||
vanadium |
V |
|
yes |
|
|
|
Sodium Na+ mg/l |
200 |
|
||
Zinc |
Zn |
|
yes |
1 |
|
yes |
Sulphates SO4-- mg/l |
250 |
industry |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Iron Fe++ mg/l |
0.3 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zinc Zn mg/l |
4 |
|
||
Typical delay coefficient of underwaters contamination |
Well water most common contaminations |
Water pollution occurence |
|||||||||
|
soil I |
soil II |
soil III |
trichloethylene |
carbon tetrachlorure |
chloromethane |
|
Europe |
|||
|
rb=1.4; n=0.4 |
rb=1.6; n=0.3 |
rb=1.75; n=0.55 |
toluene |
dibromure ethylene |
phtalate buthyl-benzil |
pesticides residues detected |
0.45 |
|||
|
fract. = 0.002 |
fract. = 0.005 |
fract. = 0.05 |
1.1.1 trichloethane |
xilene |
gamma BHC (lindane) |
exceeding maximum residual limit |
0.04 |
|||
benzen |
1.2 |
1.7 |
5.3 |
acetone |
isopropilbenzene |
1.1.2 trichloroethane |
|
|
|||
toluene |
1.7 |
3.6 |
17 |
chlorure methylene |
1.1 dichloroethane |
alfa-bhc |
|
|
|||
aniline |
1.1 |
1.2 |
2.2 |
dioxane |
1.2 dichloroetane |
parathion |
|
|
|||
di-n-propyl phtalate |
5.6 |
19 |
110 |
ethilbencene |
phtalate bis (2-ethylhexil) |
|
|
|
|||
fluorene |
23 |
86 |
500 |
tetrachloroethane |
dibromochloro propane |
|
|
|
|||
N-pentane |
7 |
24 |
140 |
ciclohexane |
trifluorotriclor ethane |
|
|
|
|||
rb:density granel g/cm3 |
n: porosity ratio |
|
chloroforme |
dibromochloro methane |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
organic carbon soil fraction |
phtalate di-n.butyl |
chlorure vinyl |
|
|
|
||||
Marine Water Pollution Bioconcentration |
Selected human health & environmental effects from toxic chemical |
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|
mercury |
mercury |
mercury |
chemical |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
mussel |
urchin |
bird egg |
aldrin/dieldrin |
yes |
|
tremors, convulsions, kidney damage |
aquatixoc, bioaccumulation birds reproduction |
|||
close to toxic source |
0,12 to 4,6 |
1 to 4,95 |
0,84 to 2,1 |
arsenic |
yes |
yes |
vomiting, poisoning, liver & kidney damage |
toxic to legume crops |
|||
far from toxic source |
0.65 |
0.01 |
0,1 to 0,7 |
benzene |
yes |
|
anemia, bone marrow damage |
to some fish &aquatic invertebrates |
|||
Wastewater metal residues in industrial cities |
cadmium |
|
yes |
suspected causal factor in many pathologies: tumors, kidney, hyper-tension, arteriosclerosis, itai-itai disease (weak bones) emphysema |
toxic to fish, bioaccumulates significantly in bivalve mollusks |
||||||
Element |
concentration in typical sludge (ppm) |
Efficiency of process reduction |
DDT |
yes |
minimal |
tremors, convulsions; kidney damage |
reproductive failure of birds & fish, bioaccu-mulate& magnifies in food chains |
||||
physical |
chemical |
di-n-butylphtalate |
|
|
central nervous system damage |
eggshell thinning inbirds, toxic to some fish |
|||||
Al |
0.56 |
0.82 |
0.52 |
dioxin |
yes |
yes |
acute skin rashes, systemic damage mortality |
bioaccumulates, lethal to aquatic organisms birds & mammals |
|||
Ag |
0.001 |
|
|
Hardnes of residual waters (mg/l) |
|
||||||
As |
12microg/l |
0.22 |
0.47 |
component |
low |
normal |
high |
|
|||
B |
0.38 |
0.05 |
0.06 |
total solid |
400 |
700 |
1000 |
|
|||
Ba |
0.13 |
0.64 |
0.53 |
solid. suspended |
100 |
200 |
350 |
|
|||
Ca |
50 |
0.06 |
0.15 |
DOL |
100 |
200 |
400 |
|
|||
Cd |
0.014 |
0.56 |
0.77 |
Odour Range of Residual Water |
|
||||||
Co |
0.03 |
0.25 |
0 |
compost odour |
mole-cular weight |
range of odour ppm |
smell |
|
|||
Cr |
0.23 |
0.79 |
0.93 |
amonia |
17 |
46.8 |
amonia |
|
|||
Fe |
1.13 |
0.89 |
0.94 |
chlore |
71 |
0.31 |
|
|
|||
Hg |
0.54 microg/l |
0.55 |
0.45 |
crohyilmercaptane |
90.19 |
0 |
skunk |
|
|||
K |
14 |
0.07 |
0.08 |
dimethylsulphur |
62 |
0 |
rotten vegetable |
|
|||
Mg |
5.2 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
dephenylsulphur |
186 |
0 |
|
|
|||
Mn |
0.07 |
0.43 |
0.75 |
ethylmercaptane |
62 |
0 |
rotten cabbage |
|
|||
Mo |
15 |
0.72 |
0.85 |
sulphur hydrog. |
34 |
0 |
rotten eggs |
|
|||
Na |
103 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
indol |
117 |
0 |
|
|
|||
Ni |
0.1 |
0.33 |
0.55 |
methylamine |
31 |
21 |
|
|
|||
Pb |
0.11 |
0.6 |
0.64 |
methylmercaptane |
48 |
0 |
rotten cabbage |
|
|||
Se |
7.2microg/l |
0.8 |
0.9 |
escatol |
132 |
0.02 |
fecal material |
|
|||
Si |
9.6 |
|
|
Sulphur dioxide |
64.07 |
0.01 |
|
|
|||
V |
5.2 |
|
|
thiocresol |
124 |
0 |
skunk, rancid |
|
|||
Zn |
0.43 |
- |
0.83 |
|
|
|
|
|
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