Ecology Economy Assessment |
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Elements, Processes and Potential Indicators of Biological Integrity |
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Hierarchy |
Elements |
Processes |
Indicators |
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Taxonomic |
Species |
Range expansion or concentration Extinction Evolution |
Range size Number of populations Isolating mechanisms |
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Genetic |
Gene |
Mutation Recombination Selection |
Number of alleles Degree of linkage Inbreeding or outbreeding depression |
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Ecological |
Population |
Abundance fluctuation Colonization or extinction Evolution |
Age or size structure Dispersal behavior Gene flow |
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Species chains |
Assemblage |
Competitive exclusion Predation or parasitism Energy flow Nutrient cycling |
Number of species Species evenness Number of trophic links Element redundancy |
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Ecosystems |
Landscape |
Disturbance Succession Soil formation |
Fragmentation Number of communities Persistence |
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Ecologic Integrity Assessment |
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Class |
Factors |
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physiochemical conditions |
temperature, pH, insolation, nutrients |
salinity, precipitation, oxygen, contaminants, |
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trophic base |
energy source, productivity, food particule size |
energy content of food, spatial distribution of food, energy transfer efficiency |
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habitat structure |
spatial complexity, cover and refugia, topography, soil composition, vegetation height |
vegetation form, basin and channel form, substrate composition, water depth, current velocity |
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temporal variation |
diurnal, seasonal, annual |
predictability, weather, flow regime |
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biotic interactions |
competition, parasitism, predation |
disease, mutualism, coevolution |
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Categories of methods selected for assessment of environmental introduction |
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Human exposure and effects analysis |
Ecosystem structural and functional analysis |
Environmental fate and transport analysis |
Ecological consequence assessment |
Evaluation of microorganism properties |
Controlled testing and monitoring |
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risk identification |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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risk characterization |
formation |
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yes |
yes |
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release |
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yes |
yes |
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yes |
yes |
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exposure assessment |
proliferation |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
yes |
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establishment |
yes |
yes |
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yes |
yes |
yes |
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Methods of Valuing Environmental Benefits |
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Direct Methods |
Indirect Methods |
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Hedonic approach |
conventional market approach |
cost based methods |
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contingent valuation method |
household production function approach |
surrogate market approach |
Productivity approach |
replacement cost approach |
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trade off games m. |
travel costs approach |
proverty value approach |
human capital or forgone earnings approach |
relocation cost approach |
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costless choice |
preventive expenditure approach |
wage differential approach |
dose response approach |
opportunity cost approach |
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